Michael Parker

Professor of Bioethics and Director of the Ethox Centre

Web
Email	michael.parker@ethox.ox.ac.uk
Tel	01865 287885
Fax	01865 287884
Contact address	The Ethox Centre, Department of Public Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF
Department	Department of Public Health
College	St Cross College

Research summary

Michael Parker

Michael Parker is Professor of Bioethics and Director of the Ethox Centre at the University of Oxford. His main research interest is in the ethics of collaborative global health research. Together with partners at the Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes (MOPs) in Viet Nam, Malawi, Thailand-Laos, Kenya, and South Africa he co-ordinates the Global Health Bioethics Network - which is a programme to carry out ethics research and build ethics capacity across the MOPs. The Global Health Bioethics Network is funded through a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award. Michael also leads the ethics programme of the Malaria Genomic Epidemiology Network (MalariaGEN) - www.malariagen.net - which carries out genomic research into severe malaria in childhood at more than 30 sites in 21 countries.

Michael's other main research interest is in the ethical aspects of the clinical use of genetics. Since 2001, he has - with Anneke Lucassen, Tara Clancy and Angus Clarke - co-ordinated the Genethics Club - a national ethics forum for health professionals and genetics laboratory staff in the United Kingdom to discuss the ethical issues arising in their day-to-day practice and to share good practice. This work has been published as Ethical Problems and Genetics Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012).

Michael is on a number of committees and working parties. He is a member of the Nuffield Council of Bioethics Working Group on Mitochondrial Donation, the Data Access Committee of the Welcome Trust Case-Control Consortium, the Ethics in Practice Committee of the Royal College of Physicians, the Department of Health's Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Pandemic Influenza, and the Medical Research Council’s Ethics, Regulation and Public Involvement Committee. He is also an ethics consultant to UK Biobank. He has previously been a member of a number of national and international committees and working parties including: Lord Warner’s Ad Hoc Advisory Committee on Research Ethics, the Ministerial Task Force on the Summary Care Record, the Academy of Medical Sciences Working Party on the regulation of medical research, the Royal College of Physicians Working Party on Clinical Ethics Committees, the Steering Committee of the UK Clinical Ethics Network, and the Board of Directors of the International Association of Bioethics.

From 1985 - 1995, before becoming an academic, Michael worked with homeless teenagers and young people in Central London, mainly for an organisation called Centrepoint Soho.

Current DPhil Supervision

Virginia Bovell: Is the prevention or cure of autism a morally justified quest?
Ganle Kuumuori: Barriers to accessing and using formal antenatal, delivery and postnatal care services in Ghana (Wellcome Trust Scholarship)
Caroline Huang: Ethical and policy implications of the BRCA1/BRCA2 gene mutations: perspectives from the British and American genetic systems (Rhodes Scholarship)
Aisha Malik: Ethics of research from the perspective of developing countries: Pakistan as a case study (Wellcome Trust Studentship)
Nguyen Thi Cam Binh: Research Ethics in emerging infectious diseases: the case of influenza pandemic (Wellcome Trust Studentship)
Paulina Tindana: Export, storage and future use of human tissues: developing a framework for fair benefit-sharing in international collaborative research (Wellcome Trust Studentship)

Research Grants

2011 The Global Health Bioethics Network: a programme to carry out ethics research and build ethics capacity across the Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programmes in Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Thailand-Laos, and Viet Nam. Wellcome Trust Strategic Award.
2010 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Health Innovation Challenge Fund, Department of Health and Wellcome Trust (£10,159,258) Co-applicant in team led by Dr Nigel Carter at Sanger Institute.
2010 Consent to and community engagement in health research – reviewing and developing research and practice Wellcome Trust (£29,300) Co-applicant with Susan Bull, Phaik Yeong Chaeah, Khin Maung Lwin, Vicki Marsh, Sassy Molyneux and Sally Theobald.
2010 Resource centre for genomic epidemiology of malaria, Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (£6,196,093) Principal Investigator in team led by Professor Dominic Kwiatkowski
2009 The ethics of collaborative global health research: a network to build capacity in the United Kingdom and in Developing Countries, Wellcome Trust (£370,000) Principal applicant with Susan Bull, Ray Fitzpatrick, Tony Hope and Sassy Molyneux.
2008 Ethical issues in the care of vulnerable adults, Ethox Foundation (£211,000) Principal applicant with Tony Hope.
2007 PROCARDIS, European Commission (10m Euro) Co-applicant in team led by Professor Hugh Watkins.
2007 MRC Translational Centre for Genomic Epidemiology of Infectious Disease, Medical Research Council (£2.9 million) Principal Investigator in team led by Professor Dominic Kwiatkowski.
2007 Collaborative Workshop to Develop a Multidisciplinary Social Science and Ethics Research Agenda, Kilifi, Kenya, Wellcome Trust Symposium Award ($8,200) Principal applicant with Sassy Molyneux and Jantina de Vries.
2007 Developing a Strategic Plan for Ethics Provision at the University of Oxford, John Fell Fund (£105,360) Principal applicant with Jane Kaye, Julian Savulescu, Mark Sheehan, and Tony Hope.
2006 IBD Chip, European Commission Co-applicant in team led by Derek Jewell
2005 Virtual Organisations for Trials and Epidemiological Studies (VOTES), Medical Research Council (£2,919,266) Principal Investigator in team led by Professor Rory Collins.
2005 Governing Genetic Databases, Wellcome Trust (£350,000) Principal applicant with Jane Kaye and Andrew Smart.
2005 Cancer genetics- research or clinical care: Lay and professional understanding of cancer genetics activities in the UK, Cancer Research UK (£127,000) Co-applicant with Nina Hallowell and Anneke Lucassen.
2005 MalariaGEN: Learning from the human genome how protective immunity against malaria works Wellcome Trust and Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Grand Challenges in Global Health (US$ 16,400,000) Principal Investigator in team led by Professor Dominic Kwiatkowski.
2002 The development of an electronic bioethics and society resource for the UK, Wellcome Trust (£320,242) Principal applicant with Professor Ruth Chadwick and Professor Julian Kinderlerer.
2002 Oxford Genetics Knowledge Park, Department of Health and the Department of Trade and Industry (£3,685,757) Principal Investigator in team led by John Bell.
2002 The use of ethics in multidisciplinary research into the ethical, social, legal and policy aspects of biomedical science: a national symposium, Wellcome Trust (£3,000) Principal Investigator.
2001 Alternative approaches to bioethics, The Royal Dutch Academy (£14,000) Co-applicant with Richard Ashcroft, Marian Verkerk and Guy Widdershoven.
2001 Ethical issues in clinical genetics: a national symposium, Wellcome Trust (£2,500) Principal Investigator with Anneke Lucassen and Angus Clarke.
2000 Clinical ethics in intensive care: a comparison of the British and German approaches, The British Council (£3,500) Principal Investigator.
1999 Visiting Scholarship, University of Melbourne (£3,000).

2013

The ethics of open access publishing: Parker, M
BMC Medical Ethics, 14(16).
The practicality and sustainability of a community advisory board at a large medical research unit on the Thai-Myanmar border: Lwin, KM, Peto, TJ, White, NJ, Day, NP, Nosten, F, Parker, M, and Cheah, PY
Health, 5(2):229-236.

2012

'Toward methodological innovation in empirical ethics research': Dunn, M, Sheehan, M, Hope, T, and Parker, M
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 21(4):466-480.
Can clinical ethics committees improve the quality of care?: McClimans, L, Slowther, A, and Parker, M
Healthcare Ethics Forum, 24(2):139-147.
Ethical problems and genetics practice: Parker, M
Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
Governing Biobanks: Understanding the Interplay Between Law and Practice: Kaye, J, Gibbons, S, Heeney, C, Parker, M, and Smart, A
Hart, Oxford.
Moral and scientific boundaries: research ethics on the Thai-Burma border: Parker, M
Journal of Medical Ethics.
Seeking consent to genomic research in a rural Ghanaian African setting: the MalariaGEN experience: Tindana, P, Bull, S, Amengo-Etego, L, de Vries, J, Aborigo, R, Koram, K, Kwiatkowski, D, and Parker, M
BMC Medical Ethics, 13(15).

2011

'Delia Smith and the ethics committee': Sheehan, M, Parker, M, and Dunn, M
BMJ, 343:d5611.
Disclosure of individual genetic data to research participants: the debate reconsidered: Bredenoord, A, Kroes, H, Cuppen, E, Parker, M, and van Delden, J
Trends in Genetics, 27(2):41-47.
Ethical issues in human genomics research in developing countries: de Vries, J, Bull, S, Doumbo, O, Ibrahim, M, Mercarau-Puijalon, O, and Parker, M
BMC Medical Ethics, 12(5).
Ethics in Practice: The state of the debate on promoting the social value of global health research in resource poor settings particularly Africa: Mbaabu, L, Parker, M, Fitzpatrick, R, and English, M
BMC Medical Ethics, 12:22.
Stakeholders' understanding of the concept of benefit-sharing in health research in Kenya: a qualitative study: Lairumbi, G, Parker, M, Fitzpatrick, R, and English, M
BMC Medical Ethics, 20(12).
The prevalence of depression in granted and refused requests for euthanasia and assisted-suicide: Levene, I and Parker, M
Journal of Medical Ethics, 37:205-211.
Working with concepts: the role of community engagement in international collaborative biomedical research: Marsh, V, Kumaya, D, Parker, M, and Molyneux, S
Public Health Ethics.
Working with concepts:The role of community in international collaborative biomedical research: Marsh, V, Kamuya, D, Parker, M, and Molyneux, S
Public Health Ethics, 4(1):26-39.

2010

An Ordinary Chance of a Desirable Existence: Parker, M
In: Procreation and Parenthood, ed. by David Archard and David Benatar. Oxford University Press, Oxford, chap. 3, pp. 57-77.
Community engagement on the Thai-Burmese border: rationale, experience and lessons learnt: Cheah, P, Lwin, K, Phaiphun, L, Maelankiri, L, Parker, M, Day, N, White, N, and Nosten, F
International Health, 2(2):123-129.
Confidentiality and sharing genetic information with relatives: Lucassen, A and Parker, M
Lancet, 375:1507-1509.
Genetic testing in children and young people: Parker, M
Familial Cancer, 9:15-18.
International network of cancer genome projects: International Cancer Genome Consortium, including, Parker, M, and many others
Nature, 464:993-998.
Lay and professional understandings of research and clinical services in cancer genetics and their implications for informed consent: Hallowell, N, Parry, S, Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Lucassen, A, and Parker, M
American Journal of Bioethics, 1(2):25-34.

2009

Distinguishing research from clinical care in cancer genetics: theoretical justifications and practical strategies: Hallowell, N, Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Lucassen, A, and Parker, M
Social Science and Medicine.
Ethical Data Release in Genome-Wide Association Studies in Developing Countries: Parker, M, Bull, S, de Vries, J, Agbenyega, T, Doumbo, O, and Kwiatkowski, D
PLoS Medicine, 6(11):e1000143.
Ethics in collaborative global health research networks: Parker, M and Bull, S
Clinical Ethics, 4:165-168.
Healthcare professionals' and researchers' understanding of cancer genetics activities: a qualitative interview study: Hallowell, N, Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Parker, M, and Lucassen, A
Journal of Medical Ethics, 35:113-119.
Impact of informed choice invitations on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (DICISION):trial protocol: Mann, E, Toby-Prevost, A, Griffin, S, Kellar, I, Sutton, S, Parker, M, Sanderson, S, Kinmouth, A, and Marteau, T
BMC Public Health, 9(63).
Medical ethics and the undergraduate curriculum: Parker, M and Hope, T
Clinical Medicine, 9(6):512-3.

2008

A global network for investigating the genomic epidemiology of malaria: MalariaGEN, including, Parker, M, Bull, S, and Vries, J
Nature, 456:732-738.
Ethical, legal and social issues: Parker, M
In: Genomics and Clinical Medicine, ed. by Kumar, D.. Oxford University Press, Oxford, chap. 40, pp. 613-617.
Ethics and Research Governance: the Views of Researchers, Health Professionals and Other Stakeholders: Hallowell, N, Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Parker, M, and Lucassen, A
Clinical Ethics, 3:85-90.
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: a Commentaty on the Recent HFEA Decision: Boddington, P and Parker, M
Clinical Ethics, 3:145-148.
Recall of participation in research projects in cancer genetics:some implications for research ethics: Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Parker, M, Lucassen, A, and Hallowell, N
Clinical Ethics, 3:180-184.
Whose Interest? UK Newspaper Reporting of Use of Medical Records for Research: Brown, L, Dixon-Woods, M, and Parker, M
Journal of Health Services Research, 13(3):140-145.

2007

Clinician report cards, public goods and patient choice: Parker, M
In: Informed Consent and Clinical Accountability: the ethics of Auditing and Reporting Surgeon Performance, ed. by Clarke, S. Oakley, J.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, chap. 1, pp. 27-40.
Deliberative Bioethics: Parker, M
In: Principles of Health Care Ethics, ed. by Ashcroft, R. Dawson, A. Draper, H. McMillan, J. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, chap. 24, pp. 185-191.
End of Life Decision-Making in Neonatal Care: April, C and Parker, M
Journal of Medical Ethics, 33:126-127.
Ethnography/Ethics: Parker, M
Social Science and Medicine, 65:2248-2259.
Governing Genetic Databases: Challenges Facing Research Regulation and Practice: Gibbons, S, Kaye, J, Smart, A, Heeney, C, and Parker, M
Journal of Law and Society, 34(2):163-189.
Informed Consent in a Changing Environment: Boulton, M and Parker, M
Social Science and Medicine, 65:2187-2198.
Obiezioni etiche al 'dovere di scegliere di avere il bambino con la migliore possibilita di Vita': Parker, M
Bioetica, 1:65-72.
Problem Case in Medical Ethics: Parker, M and Hope, T
The Foundation Years, 3(5):190-192.
The Best Possible Child: Parker, M
Journal of Medical Ethics, 33(5):279-283.
The relationship between research and clinical practice in the investigation of rare genetic disorders: Parker, M, Ashcroft, R, Wilkie, A, and Kent, A
In: Ethics in Biomedical Research: international perspectives, ed. by Hayry, M. Takala, T. Herrisone-Kelly, P.. Rodopi, Amsterdam, chap. 7, pp. 87-96.
Valid Consent for Genomic Epidemiology in Developing Countries: Chokshi, D, Thera, M, Parker, M, Diakite, M, Makani, J, Kwiatkowski, D, and Duombo, O
PLOS Medicine, 4(4):636-641.

2006

DISCERN-Genetics: quality criteria for informationon genetic testing: Shepperd, S, Farndon, P, Grainge, V, Oliver, S, Parker, M, Perera, R, Elliman, D, Kent, A, and Rose, P
European Journal of Human Genetics, 14:1179-1188.
Data Sharing and Intellectual Property in a Genomic Epidemiology Network: Policies for Large-scale Research Collaboration: Chokshi, D, Parker, M, and Kwiatkowski, D
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 5:84.
Deliberation and moral courage:the UK Genethics Club as a case study: Parker, M
Politeia.
Ethics support and education in primary care: Slowther, A and Parker, M
In: A Primary Care Ethics Reader, ed. by J Spicer and D Bowman. Radcliffe Publishing, Oxford, chap. 11, pp. 173-191.
Implications of data protection legislation for family history.: Lucassen, A, Wheeler, R, and Parker, M
BMJ, 332(7536):299-301.
Implications of data protection legislation for family history?: Parker, M, Lucassen, A, and Wheeler, R
British Medical Journal, 332:299-301.
Lay and professional understanding of cancer genetic activities in the UK: Cooke, S, Crawford, G, Lucassen, A, Parker, M, and Hallowell, N
Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice, 4:155.
Predictive medicine and the future of human nature: Parker, M
In: Questions Ethiques en medicine predictive, ed. by de Bouvet, A. Boitte, P. Aiguier, G.. John Libbey Eurotext, Paris, chap. 4, pp. 151-153.
The UK Genethics Club:clinical ethics support for genetic seervices: Lucassen, A and Parker, M
Clinical Ethics, 1:219-223.
Ways of thinking about ethics: Parker, M and Hope, T
The Foundation Years:14-17.

2005

A conversational approach to the ethics of genetic testing: Parker, M
In: Case Analysis in Clinical Ethics, ed. by Ashcroft, R. Lucassen, A. Parker, M. Verkerk, M. Widdershoven, G.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, chap. 10, pp. 149-164.
A deliberative approach to clinical ethics: Parker, M
In: Clinical Ethics: a search for the foundations, ed. by Viafora, C.. Springer, chap. 4, pp. 61-71.
Case Analysis in Clinical Ethics: Ashcroft, R, Lucassen, A, Parker, M, Verkerk, M, and Widdershoven, G
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Dilemma still not resolved: Lucassen, A and Parker, M
European Journal of Human Genetics, 13:399-400.
Genetic screening and occupational and environmental exposures: Vineis, P, Ahsan, H, and Parker, M
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62:657-662.
Philosophical introduction: case analysis in clinical ethics: Ashcroft, R, Parker, M, Verkerk, M, and Widdershoven, G
In: Case Analysis in Clinical Ethics, ed. by Ashcroft, R. Lucassen, A. Parker, M. Verkerk, M. Widdershoven, G.. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, chap. 1, pp. 1-6.
Philosophical reflections: Parker, M, Ashcroft, R, Verkerk, M, and Widdershoven, G
In: Case Analysis in Clinical Ethics, ed. by Ashcroft, R. Lucassen, A. Parker, M. Verkerk, M. Widdershoven, G.. Cambridge University Press, chap. 15, pp. 225-230.
Problem Cases in Medical Ethics: Parker, M and Hope, T
Medicine, 33(2).
The welfare of the child: Parker, M
Human Fertility, 8(1):13-19.
When is research on patient records without consent ethical?: Parker, M
Health Services Research and Policy, 10(3):183-186.
Wie hilfreich sind 'ethische Richtlinien' am Einzelfall?: Bartels, S, Parker, M, Hope, T, and Reiter-Theil, S
Ethik in der Medizin.

2004

'Til Death Us do Part:the ethics of post-mortem gamete donation: Parker, M
Journal of Medical Ethics, 30(4):387-388.
Confidentiality and 'serious harm' in genetics-preserving the confidentiality of one patient and preventing harms to relatives: Lucassen, A and Parker, M
European Journal of Human Genetics, 12(2):93-97.
Consent to HIV Testing and the consequentialism in health care ethics: Parker, M
HEC Forum, 16(1):45-52.
Ethical Review of Research into Rare Genetic Disorders: Parker, M, Ashcroft, R, Wilkie, A, and Kent, A
British Medical Journal, 329:288-289.
Ethical issues in clinical genetics and the Indian subcontinent: Parker, M
In: Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent, ed. by Dhavendra Kumar. Kluwer, Dordrecht, chap. 28, pp. 555-572.
Genetic Information: A Joint Account?: Parker, M and Lucassen, A
British Medical Journal, 329:165-167.
Getting Ethics into Practice: Parker, M
British Medical Journal, 329:126.
Role of next of kin in accessing health records of deceased relatives: Lucassen, A, Parker, M, and Wheeler, R
British Medical Journal, 328:952-953.
Tailored medicine: who is it designed to fit? The ethical aspects of stratified prescribing: Smart, A, Martin, P, and Parker, M
Bioethics, 18(4):322-344.
Ways of thinking about Ethics: Parker, M and Hope, T
Psychiatry, 3(3):33-35.

2003

Bioethics in the United Kingdom: Chadwick, R and Parker, M
In: The Annals of Bioethics:regional perspectives, ed. by Lisse. Swets and Zeitlinger, chap. 3, pp. 40-60.
Concern for individuals and families in clinical genetics: Parker, M and Lucassen, A
Journal of Medical Ethics, 29:70-73.
Ethical issues in genetics research: an introduction for members of Australian Human Research Ethics Committees: Parker, M, Williamson, R, and Savulescu, J
Cooperative Research Centre for the Discovery of Genes for Common Human Diseases, Melbourne.
Ethical issues in the new genetics: Almond, B and Parker, M
Ashgate, Aldershot.
Informed decision making for cancer screening-not all of the ethical issues have been considered: Millett, C and Parker, M
Cytopathology, 14(1):3-4.
The Ethical Review of Student Research Projects: Ashcroft, R and Parker, M
In: Manual for Research Ethics Committees (6th edition), ed. by S Eckstein. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, chap. 3, pp. 40-60.
The ethics of communication: Parker, M
In: Difficult conversations in clinical medicine, ed. by Elizabeth Macdonald. Oxford University press, Oxford, chap. 3, pp. 40-60.

2002

A Deliberative Medical Ethics: Parker, M
In: Healthcare Ethics and Human Values, ed. by KWM Fulford, T Murray, D Dickenson. Blackwell, Oxford, chap. 2, pp. 29-35.
Should mechanical ventilation be continued to allow for progression to brain death so that organs can be donated?: Parker, M and Shemie, S
Critical Care Forum, 6(5):399-403.
The Development of Clinical Ethics Support in the United Kingdom: Parker, M
Politeia(N67):82-86.
Towards the ethical management of genetic testing: Parker, M and Lucassen, A
The Lancet, 360:1685-1688.
What is the role of clinical ethics support in the era of e-medicine?: Parker, M and Gray, M
Neonatal Intensive Care, 15(2):37-39.

2001

Confidentiality in Genetic Testing: Parker, M
American Journal of Bioethics, 1(3):21-22.
Deciding for Imperilled Newborns:Medical Authority or Parental Autonomy?: McHaffe, H, Laing, I, Parker, M, and Mcmillan, J
Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(2):104-110.
Ethical Issues and Evidence-based: Ashcroft, R, Hope, T, and Parker, M
In: Evidence Based Patient Care, ed. by G Elwyn . Oxford University Press, Oxford, chap. 5, pp. 100-120.
Ethical and Research Dilemmas Arising from a Questionaire Study of Psychological Morbidity amongst General Practice Managers: Sheikh, A, Hurwitz, B, and Parker, M
British Journal of General Practice, 51(462):32-37.
Genetics and Interpersonal Elaboration of Ethics: Parker, M
Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 22:451-459.
Revealing False Paternity:Some Ethical Considerations: Lucassen, A and Parker, M
The Lancet, 357(1033-1035).
The Cambridge Medical Ethics Workbook: Parker, M and Dickenson, D
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
The Ethics of Evidence-based Patient Choice: Parker, M
Health Expectations, 4(2).
What is the Role of Clinical Ethics Support in the Era of e-medicine?: Parker, M and Gray, M
Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(1):33-35.

2000

Medical Ethics in the 21st century: Parker, M and Hope, T
Journal of Internal Medicine, 248(1-6).
Public Deliberation and Private Choice in Genetics and Reproduction: Parker, M
Journal of Medical ethics, 26(3):160-166.
Ways of Thinking about Ethics: Parker, M and Hope, T
Medicine, 28(10):2-5.

1999

Community, Ethics and Homelessness: Parker, M
In: The Ethics of Homelessness: Philosophical Perspectives, ed. by J Abbarno. Value Inquiry Books, Amsterdam, chap. 2, pp. 40-60.
Do case Studies Mislead about the Nature of Reality?: Pattison, S, Dickenson, D, Parker, M, and Heller, T
Journal of Medical Ethics, 25(1):47-50.
Ethics and community in the health care professions: Parker, M
Routledge, London.
Introduction: health care ethics: liberty, community or participation?: Parker, M
In: Ethics and community in the health care professions, ed. by Michael Parker. Routledge, London, chap. 1, pp. 1-14.
The European Biomedical Ethics Practitioner Education Project:An Experiential Approach to Philosophy and Health Care Education: Dickenson, D and Parker, M
Mdicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 25(1):231-237.

1998

Individualism: Parker, M
In: Ethical Issues in Community Health care, ed. by R Chadwick. Arnold, London, chap. 3, pp. 60-80.

1997

Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism:a conversational ethics: Parker, M
Cogito, 11(1):44-49.
Moral Development: Parker, M
In: The Encyclopaedia of Applied Ethics, ed. by R Chadwick. Academic Press, San Diego, chap. 5, pp. 100-120.

1996

Biotechnology, children and ideal democracy: Parker, M
In: Cultiural and social attitudes to biotechnology: analysis of the arguments, with special reference to the views of young people, ed. by Ruth Chadwick. European Commission, Brussels, chap. Appendix 2, pp. 157-166.
Communitarianism and its problems: Parker, M
Cogito, 10(3):204-209.
Liberalism and its problems: Parker, M
Cogito, 10(2):129-135.

1995

Children who run: ethics and homelessness: Parker, M
In: An introduction to applied philosophy, ed. by B. Almond. Blackwell, Oxford, chap. 4, pp. 11-23.
Commentary on true wishes: Parker, M
Philosophy, Psychiatry and Psychology, 2(4):313-314.
The growth of understanding: Parker, M
Averbury, Aldershot.

1993

How to explain the growth of social understanding: Parker, M
Philosophy Today.